Submitted work by Ashley McKelvey

Analyzing Objects

Porcelain

Musket Ball

Smallpox

Nail

Reaper

Shirtwaist

Transistor

Coffee

Record

Tire

Dishwasher

Dress

Stereograph

Stone

Mail

Shoe

Question 1:
Historical thinking involves considering the context, impact, and interpretation of objects, events, and people. Thinking historically allows you to analyze things from our current perspective to develop arguments and draw conclusions without taking them out of context.
Question 2:
Objects, unlike people or events, allow for arguably deeper historical thinking due to their neutral nature. Objects can be interpreted differently by different observers, in a way that people, places, and events cannot.
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Module Id: 689
User Id: 1493
Question 1:
Based on the length, these objects could be railroad ties. They could also have been used to build houses, or possibly fences.
Question 2:
This object connects to a development in American history, literally, through building and fabrication.
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Module Id: 953
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Question 1:
This appears to be a black and white picture of a stack of thin tires of various style outside of a large building.
Question 2:
It is possible this picture represents some kind of mass-production, or shift in industry, such as the shift from smaller to larger vehicles.
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Module Id: 1108
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Question 1:
This appears to be a strategically placed worn stone with some carved writing; perhaps a headstone. There is also a wrought-iron fence, mulch, and manicured grass, which also points towards a graveyard.
Question 2:
If the name and date can be read on the stone, this object could tell us about a family from a specific time period in history.
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Module Id: 1039
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Question 1:
The primary object in this photo appears to be a dishwasher. The other objects in the picture hint at this possibly being a 1950s kitchen.
Question 2:
The rise of the dishwasher coincided with the rise of Suburbia and the middle class. Men commuted into the city to work, while women stayed home and took care of the house and children; the class 1950s housewife stereotype.
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Module Id: 1093
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Question 1:
This appears to be a fancy tea cup and saucer. It's in nice condition, but appears to be antique, and part of a set.
Question 2:
This could be from the early colonial era, reminiscent of the influence of British finery in the colonies. Or, it could be from the rise of the suburban era, when American families began furnishing their china cabinets.
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Module Id: 951
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Question 1:
I honestly have no idea what this image was showing me, but it is black and white, shows three seemingly mechanical objects, photographed at a great distance.
Question 2:
The title of "transistor" makes me think this has something to do with the rise of electricity.
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Module Id: 1146
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Question 1:
It might be the COVID-19 talking, but this appears to be an image of a germ through a microscope. Again, the image is in black and white, and grainy.
Question 2:
This could be referencing the rise in modern medicine, or perhaps the spread of illness, such as during the Trail of Tears.
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Module Id: 954
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Question 1:
This appears to be a picture of a modest ladies shirt. I can't tell if the image is in black and white, or if the shirt is simply white with tan stripes.
Question 2:
This could be a shirt from the era of Westward expansion, as it is simple, functional, and appears easy to clean.
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Module Id: 950
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Question 1:
The patent on the record is from 1895, and the title is "Young America... with orchestra."
Question 2:
It is possible this might be a record of early American war songs or battle songs. I find it interesting that this record is not that much older than the nation itself at this point, yet it refers to a younger America.
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Module Id: 1128
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Question 1:
In addition to my original hypothesis, I would now add that historical thinking includes examining both primary and secondary sources from multiple perspectives.
Question 2:
In addition to my original thoughts, I would now add that objects can be used to pique student interest and help them make connections between things they are familiar with in their everyday lives and things from the past, thus allowing for deeper conclusions and analysis.
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Module Id: 689
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Question 1:
The mass-production of nails allowed for cheaper home construction options and thus easier expansion westward for those who fell in to the middle classes. For example, while log cabins were easy and cheap to build, they were not "comfortable" enough for families looking to duplicate their eastern creature comforts on the westward frontiers. With the rise in mass production of nails, these families were soon able to bring eastern standards with them in the advent of the Sears home kits, which would continue to be popular through the 1950s and onward.
Question 2:
The mass-production of the nail reminds me of the story of the expansion of the railroad (but I'll admit that may also be because these particular nails in the picture look like railroad ties). While housing became more affordable and comfortable, so did the physical travel to the west. Prior to the expansion of the railroad, families looking to expand west were required to do so by wagon trail, which was a dangerous and exhausting way to travel. With the rise in mass production and railroad expansion, the journey west became easier, safe, more affordable, and more comfortable.
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Module Id: 953
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Question 1:
Based on the discussion in this module, I would assume these are tires that were discarded after the end of WWII. These tires would have been used well beyond their expiration date, in an attempt to ration and reserve resources for the wartime efforts. This is just one of the many things (such as food, gasoline, and other types of manufacturing) wartime propaganda and ration cards focused on limiting the use of throughout the course of WWII.
Question 2:
What do you see in the picture? What is not included in the picture? Is there color in the picture? Who may have created the poster, and why? Does the image seem candid or staged? What is the tone of the message/caption of the poster? What emotion is the poster intended to make you feel?
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Module Id: 1108
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Question 1:
My original guess was that this object was a headstone. After completing the module, I would argue my guess was not that far off, as this boundary stone marked the birth and eventual collapse of a unified north and south. As a reminder of the tension between the slave-south and industrial-north, this boundary marker serves as a visual reminder of the thin line between unity and division in our nation.
Question 2:
Boundaries can take many forms. Another boundary students could explore is voting rights. Like with the slave trade, suffrage was inextricably connected to the definition of citizenship. When our nation was founded, only white, property-holding men qualified as citizens. It was only as that definition began to change that the boundary around voting rights began to expand to enfranchise the remainder of the population.
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Module Id: 1039
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Question 1:
In the mid-20th-century, in the wake of the end of WWII and the rise of the Cold War, American manufacturing shifted it's capitalist attention to the mass-production of home-goods and middle-class creature-comforts, such as the dishwasher. Propaganda romanticized these items, as well as the factories that produced them.
Question 2:
To be honest, as a military history major who did extensive research into the grey-zones created by the collapse of the Soviet Union, this module was only a teaser of the true depth of the Cold War. With that being said, as an Economics teacher, I appreciated the emphasis on the battle over public opinion that raged throughout the Cold War between the communist command economic system and the capitalist mixed-market economy.
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Module Id: 1093
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Question 1:
This cup connects to the transference of British luxuries to the colonies. Prior to the Stamp Act and protests that followed, colonist sought to both produce and mirror the fineries of British life in the colonies.
Question 2:
There are so many nuances about the road to revolution in America that were not included in this module! To get a better understanding of the major motivators, exploring the grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence would be a good place to start.
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Module Id: 951
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Question 1:
The transistor represents the rise of technological advances across the global market in the 20th-century. With the invention came a rise in competition to make technology more efficient, user-friendly, and cheaper, both within the US and in other international markets, such as Japan.
Question 2:
I would want students to think about what motivated the inventor to try to create the product in the first place. What were the demands from consumers? What were the resources available? What was the potential profit margin? Who were the contemporary competitors? Etc.
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Module Id: 1146
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Question 1:
This image is of the smallpox disease, which greatly impacted trade, commerce, and war efforts throughout the 1700s. As populations, war, and intercontinental trade increased, so did exposure to at-risk populations. The rise in cases lead to a rise in efforts to combat the disease, and others like it.
Question 2:
Diseases often arise when different people or animal groups come together for the first time. As such, disease can be a way to mark eras if expansion, exploration, trade, or turmoil.
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Module Id: 954
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Question 1:
This shirt is indeed a modest ladies garment, but its connection is to the industrialization and unionization of women in the workforce. This shirt is a product of a female workforce, creating garments for women working outside the home.
Question 2:
The examples in the module center around the early 1900s (1900-1920ish). My questions center around how conditions deteriorated during the Great Depression, and then how industry responded to these failures in the face of the demand that came with the outbreak of WWI and WWII.
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Module Id: 950
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Question 1:
I had never heard of this artist before, but after exploring the module, I now see that this artist represents the efforts of immigrants to assimilate into the US culture. For example, in the face of anti-immigrant discrimination that arose in the early 1900s, this artist changed her name from Goldman to Bayes to be more traditionally white American, perhaps to sell more of her patriotic records.
Question 2:
The pull factors of economic expansion, opportunities for women in the workforce, and available urban living accommodations (as subpar as they were) brought people to the US, but looking at the push factors from other nations could help us understand why people were fleeing their native countries. As we move into WWI and WWII, looking at the demographics of refugees and they way in which they assimilated into the US community could also help understand what role they played in the road to segregation and the Civil Rights movement.
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Module Id: 1128
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Title: Reading History
Grade Level: Middle
Short Answer:
This year, I will be blending my 8th grade Civics PBL course with English. With this in mind, I was particularly interested in the resource from this module that discussed "reading" objects. For example, my co-teacher and I are planning to create a project in which students used their own prior knowledge of the US Constitution to hypothesize if they would have been Federalists or Anti Federalists. Students will begin by defending their position in a class debate. Then, they will apply tools of historical thinking, such as reading objects and See/Think/Wonder, to other foundational documents, people, and events (such as the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, the Charters of the VA Company of London, John Locke, etc.). After examining elements of the Revolutionary Era, students will be asked to revisit their original hypothesis, and write about how/if their opinions have changed based on their study, and why.
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Module Id: 689
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Title: The Economics of Expansion
Grade Level: Middle
Short Answer:
As a Civics and Economics teacher, I would use the resources in this module to focus on the economics of westward expansion. You could approach this from several angles! You could focus on the business and entrepreneurial aspect, encouraging students to explore how demand for cheaper and easier housing options encouraged the development of businesses such as the model homes from Sears and mass-production of nails. You could also have students explore the economic factors pulling settlers westward, such as the lure of more (cheaper) land, the Gold Rush, etc. You could further explore the reasons why middle-class price ranges were the most common, looking at the job and salaries available to the populations looking to expand westward. The possibilities for examining the economics of expansion are endless (pun-intended)!
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Module Id: 953
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Title: The Economics of War & Recovery
Grade Level: Middle
Short Answer:
The need to ration during WWII provides an excellent framework for discussing the nature of the global economy, comparing the US economic system with other systems used worldwide. As an Economics teacher, I would use these resources to help students examine how the US mixed-market economy is able to respond to changes in supply and demand, in comparison with other economic systems (such as command or traditional). As one of the resources noted, the US economy was much more successful in adapting manufacturing and spending habits, resulting in the ability to respond to trade shortages to meet demand, both during and after the war. To help students understand how the mixed-market system facilitated this success, I would have them review these resources, then use them to compare the US response to the response of other countries who rebounded from the 1930s-1940s less-successfully, with an emphasis on the types of economic systems these countries employ. Anticipated conclusions would show other economic systems prevented these countries from being able to respond to changes in supply and demand as efficiently as the mixed-market economy.
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Module Id: 1108
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Title: Amending the Union
Grade Level: Middle
Short Answer:
The resources in this module help reveal the fragile nature of unity in our nation. As a Civics teacher, I would use these resources to help students explore the sentiment behind the goal stated in the Preamble to make this a "more perfect union." In this statement, our Founding Fathers admitted this nation would not be perfect, but attempted to create a system that could be amended to adapt to the needs of future generations, giving us a way to improve and progress. Using the example of the division over the slave-trade, I would ask students to identify an issue dividing our nation now, and propose and amendment or compromise they believe could help resolve this issue before it leads to civil war.
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Module Id: 1039
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Title: Hot Debates of the Cold War
Grade Level: Middle
Short Answer:
As an Economics teacher, I appreciate the emphasis on the battle between the communist command economy and the capitalist mixed-market economy that is woven throughout the propaganda of the Cold War ear. One way I would use these resources might be to have students compare the seemingly contradictory posters of Rosie the Riveter vs. the housewife with her pile of dishes dreaming of a dishwasher to see how the media seeks to influence public opinion, and how to look for these biases. I might also use the video of Nixon and Khrushchev to help students develop their own arguments over the pros and cons of the two economic systems being debated. I might then have them carry out their own debate, in which the class decides which system is superior.
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Module Id: 1093
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Title: Setting the Negative Example
Grade Level: Middle
Short Answer:
As a Civics teacher, our first unit focuses entirely on the Revolutionary-Era and the road from colony to the Constitution. With the resources in this module, I would love to focus on how/where the influence of the colonist's experiences with these Acts and oppressions can be seen in the creation of our nation's founding documents. For example, I might ask students to review the taxes of the 1760s, then explore the sections of the Constitution that discuss taxation in our new nation. I would ask them to identify differences, and make inferences as to how the experience of British oppression impacted the choices our Founding Father's made when they created a new nation. Overall, I would use these resources to help students understand the negative example that was set by British leadership over the colonies, and the way this experience impacted the choices our Founding Father's made as they created the government and economy of our new nation.
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Module Id: 951
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Title: Electric Economics
Grade Level: Middle
Short Answer:
As an Economics teacher, I would use the resources in this module to help students explore the potential a mixed-market economy provides for entrepreneurship surrounding the rise of technology. I would ask students to look for the motivators for producers (potential profit, consumer demands, resources available) that impacted the supply created. I would also ask students to explore the motivation of competition between producers both within the US, and within the larger global economic community. I would also ask students to explore how desires from consumers for smaller, more reliable, and more efficient devices drove production. The resources in this module provide a great backdrop to discuss the impact of supply and demand, and the choices facing all economic systems.
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Module Id: 1146
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Title: The Impact of Invisible Immigrants
Grade Level: Middle
Short Answer:
The resources in this module are particularly poignant in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. With this in mind, I would try not to overemphasize this connection, as not all students are in a place where they are prepared to relive or discuss their experiences during school closures. With that being said, I would use the resources in this module to help students explore the consequences of immigration on native populations. It was the influx of European immigrants that brought Smallpox to the native populations of America. I would use this event to encourage students to consider other unintended influences the colonist brought with them and imposed on the native populations.
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Module Id: 954
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Title: Women's Rights are Human Rights
Grade Level: Middle
Short Answer:
I would use the resources in this module to reinforce lessons on human rights, connections between culture and the economy, and suffrage. The way the rise of women in the workplace coincided with the centralization of workforces and the rise of movements for improved working conditions and labor unions provides ample fuel for discussion of basic human rights, such as the right to assemble, the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, etc.
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Module Id: 950
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Title: Do you have what it takes to be an American?
Grade Level: Middle
Short Answer:
As a Civics teacher, I would love to use these resources to help students explore the history of immigration and naturalization in our nation. While all of these resources are useful, I was particularly intrigued by the mention of the "29 specific questions about his or her origin and reasons for emigration" that were asked of of all candidates for citizenship who came through Ellis Island. I would love to build a lesson around these questions, having students research to discover what these questions were, then compare them to the questions, requirements, and test that are part of the current process of applying for naturalization today. I would ask students to reflect on the changes that have been made to the naturalization process, and hypothesize as to why these changes have been made - what is the goal of the new process, how does it differ and why? Etc.
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Module Id: 1128
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