Analyzing Objects

Porcelain

Musket Ball

Smallpox

Nail

Reaper

Shirtwaist

Transistor

Coffee

Record

Tire

Dishwasher

Dress

Stereograph

Stone

Mail

Shoe

Question 1:
Historical thinking is considering the context in which events occur and actions and events that are simultaneous with a particular event, action, and the actions of a particular person.
Question 2:
Objects can be prompts to initiate questioning such as what was was the purpose; was this an object developed by indigenous people; was this object relevant only to a certain socio-economic group?
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Question 1:
Historical thinking is considering the context in which events occur and actions and events that are simultaneous with a particular event, action, and the actions of a particular person.
Question 2:
Objects can be prompts to initiate questioning such as what was was the purpose; was this an object developed by indigenous people; was this object relevant only to a certain socio-economic group?
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Question 1:
1. I notice matching place settings. It looks like a setting for a formal occasion.
Question 2:
2. Is this place setting imported from China or Europe?
Were there high tariffs when importing these items?Could this place setting be seen at an important meeting?
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Question 1: 1. This appears to be a microscopic view of bacteria or a virus cell.
Question 2:
2. Prior to scientific breakthroughs in the field of medicine, many American lives were lost during pandemics such as smallpox and the Spanish flu.
Vaccines were developed to reduce the spread of these contagions.
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Question 1:
1. This object appears to be parts of a larger object.
The objects are metal and appear to be parts of an electronic-based object.
Question 2:
2. Are these objects part of an object that was created after the development of electricity or after the development of another form of energy based on batteries or electronic devices?
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Question 1:
1.This appears to be a canned milk container. By its size and condition, it looks like it may have been among the earliest produced.
Question 2:
2. Before refrigeration and sanitary storage methods, Americans relied on fresh produce and perishable products to be obtained locally without the need for transportation of goods and products from distant markets.
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Question 1:
1. This is a rounded metal object that was placed into a musket/long gun barrel. Gun powder was ignited and the musket ball was propelled through the musket barrel.
Question 2:
2. Muskets were used in the Revolutionary war. At that time, there were no revolvers/pistols, or automatic weapons. The time need to load a musket was long and this could mean death to a soldier. The soldier would resort to arm to arm contact using a bayonet, knife, or physical contact when a musket was not available. The development of advanced armaments meant that they became more powerful and resulted in the increased deaths of soldiers in all branches of the military. Soldiers took more risks because of the increased power of these armaments.
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Question 1:
1. The nails are flat rather than rounded like the nails of today. The edges are not pointed, but are instead flat. It appears that it would take more force to hammer them into an object. The are rusted perhaps they are made from iron, rather than steal or some non-rusting substance.
Question 2:
2. The development of nails facilitated the building of structures that were more durable and resistant to the elements. Previously, home were constructed from logs or wood slabs with some type of compound to hold the wood together. Fences were made by crossing and over-lapping pieces of wood. Nails were later use to secure goods and products that were shipped via trains, wagons, or ships. During the westward movement, barbed wire fences were secured with these nails. Nails continue to hold importance in the residential and commercial industries.
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Question 1:
1. This is the label of RCA, Radio Corporation of America; this is the center label of a record with groves. A needle was used to play the music. The phonograph was an invention of Thomas Edison. Some of the names associated with this "record player" was the victrola. I think it was an invention of the late 19th to early 20th century.
Question 2:
2. The phonograph was an early communications invention. It gave way to advanced technological innovations such as the cassette and CD. Now, music is available on DVDs. Originally, the records were larger and then small records came on the scene.
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Question 1:
1. The reaper is not electric; it requires a horse, mule, or oxen to pull it. A belt is attached to the pulley and metal clamps/clips are used to fasten it to the wood and metal. Some of the reaper parts are attached to other parts of the mechanism.It looks like a serrated blade at the bottom used to cut the grains and stems. and a weighted panel to go over the harvested crops is at the end. It looks like some of the parts can move in different angles.
Question 2:
2, The McCormick reaper transformed American farming. Previously, several farm workers were needed to plan and harvest a crop. If a family did not have enough workers in their family, then additional workers were hired. The invention of the reaper was a double-edged sword. While a farmer needed less time and fewer people to plant and harvest a crop, fewer men/women were needed to work on the crops. Therefore, these previous "extra" workers were not out of work and then began to look for additional work in the towns and cities. Crop production increased and farmers were now able to increase the profits from their farm crops.
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Question 1:
1. In 1767, the Declaratory Act allowed the taxation of the colonists. A new tax was placed on imported goods such as porcelain. The colonists boycotted these luxury imports as a symbol of their resistance to British taxes.
Question 2:
2. Could the American colonists negotiated with Parliament to have an actual representative to speak for them in Parliament? If this had actually happened, would this have precluded a rebellion.
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Question 1:
Historical thinking is analyzing a primary source to ask questions such as what is the source, does the source show a bias, can inferences and generalizations be made, when considering the context of history in which it was created/written. and what conclusions can you make about the purpose of it.
Question 2:
You can use objects to ask students to form their own hypothesis about what it is, what it was used for, what does it resemble, do you think it replaced an object we use today, do you think it was used by adults or children, when do you think it was created, do you think it was expensive, is it a part of something else. All of these questions allow the students to confirm their thinking or to make them develop another hypothesis.
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Question 1:
1. During the Triangular Trade transactions, slaves from Africa carried the smallpox virus to North and South America. Native populations were decimated because they were not inoculated. Colonial trade was affected since incoming and outgoing ships were placed in a quarantine status.
Question 2:
1. More Continental troops were lost to smallpox than to battlefield deaths. If the Continental troops had not been inoculated, would the British have won the war? Were the statistics accurate enough to support this hypothesis? Disease is one factor in which to understand the context of a period in history. For example, the Bubonic Plague was one factor in the development of a medieval society and the decline of commerce centered in towns.
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Question 1:
1. The transistor allowed for the development of communication devices (radios for the public and military) after the development of the semiconductor. Continued developments led to electronic circuit panels which gave way to an expansion of different types of electronic devices to be used in a variety of markets such as home appliances, medical instruments, and military instruments.
Question 2:
2. What is the flowchart of development of the electronic devices we use today? What developments were created with the vacum tube, semiconductor,
transistor, and circuit board. Use examples such as the light bulb, computer, transistor radio, and computer circuit board.
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Question 1:
1. The transistor allowed for the development of communication devices (radios for the public and military) after the development of the semiconductor. Continued developments led to electronic circuit panels which gave way to an expansion of different types of electronic devices to be used in a variety of markets such as home appliances, medical instruments, and military instruments.
Question 2:
2. What is the flowchart of development of the electronic devices we use today? What developments were created with the vacum tube, semiconductor,
transistor, and circuit board. Use examples such as the light bulb, computer, transistor radio, and computer circuit board.
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Question 1:
1. The can contained coffee, not milk-ok. After World War II, the instant, pre-prepared, frozen, dehydrated, canned foods markets expanded extensively. All of these non-fresh produced products contain information on the labels about nutritional value and vitamin content. If fresh products and vegetables are not available to Americans because of global diseases, canned, frozen, freeze-dried products can be substituted. These "man-made" products can be produced for food banks and feeding requirements in institutions such as schools and hospitals. The foods in turn can be sent to markets in all areas of the United States and its territories.
Question 2:
2. Certainly, the role and status of American women have changed in the 20th century. Women have often become the main source of income in a family and have gained additional power and recognition in the work arena where they have become leaders of a company or business, gained more political leadership in their respective state governments, as well as leadership in our national government. To place women in a subservient and secondary role on our society as was done in post- World War II advertising would be totally unacceptable today. If that did happen, companies would lose there business profits and reputation.
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Question 1:
1. The can contained coffee, not milk-ok. After World War II, the instant, pre-prepared, frozen, dehydrated, canned foods markets expanded extensively. All of these non-fresh produced products contain information on the labels about nutritional value and vitamin content. If fresh products and vegetables are not available to Americans because of global diseases, canned, frozen, freeze-dried products can be substituted. These "man-made" products can be produced for food banks and feeding requirements in institutions such as schools and hospitals. The foods in turn can be sent to markets in all areas of the United States and its territories.
Question 2:
2. Certainly, the role and status of American women have changed in the 20th century. Women have often become the main source of income in a family and have gained additional power and recognition in the work arena where they have become leaders of a company or business, gained more political leadership in their respective state governments, as well as leadership in our national government. To place women in a subservient and secondary role on our society as was done in post- World War II advertising would be totally unacceptable today. If that did happen, companies would lose there business profits and reputation.
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Question 1:
1. The use of the smooth-bore musket required a close formation of troops to fire in a directed and coordinated pattern. Since the musket took time to reload and was inaccurate, the soldiers learned to gather in close groups to create a volley of musket fire that was a better guarantee that enemy troops would be hit.Many American troops opposed this battle field strategy since they felt their independence was compromised. Taking orders from their commanders to form groups seemed illogical since they had to stand and face the musket fire. The groves in the rifle assured a spin to the musket barrel and this resulted in more accuracy. The independent nature of the farmers who used rifles was at odds with the strict military discipline of the commanders of the Continental Army. Instead of fleeing from British fire, the American troops had to stay together as a group to hear the commands.
Question 2:
2. Primary sources (reports, letters, newspaper articles, diaries) revealed how the colonial population felt about the loss of lives at the Boston Massacre. The general consensus was that standing armies were not needed after the Revolutionary War. The previous experiences with British taxes to maintain troops in continental America was repugnant to them.
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Question 1:
1.Since it was more difficult and expensive to build a stone/brick home or a post and beam home, the mass-production of nails facilitated the building of cheaper homes in the growing towns and communities of the 19th century. Rather than relying on the precise skills carpenters and expense of moving stone and brick, framed wooden homes could be built by using the surrounding forest wood and pre-cut boards from the saw mills. The wooden homes provided a more comfortable home for the emerging middle class families of the 19th century.
Question 2:
2 Since the sod house or the log cabin provided to be an uncomfortable choice for individuals who moved westward, the development of mass-produced nails encouraged the building of towns near railroad hubs, farms, mining sites, and ranches. Nails were used to construct buildings in these town, as well as buildings on farms and ranches.
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Question 1:
1, The song and other songs helped the immigrants from different countries assume a new "persona." Whether the song was Yankee Doodle Dandy, America the Beautiful, God Bless America, an immigrant from Northern or Southern Europe could gain their "assimilation" card as a true assimilated American. There were probable records that immigrants used to learn to speak English, as well as recordings about the customs and traditions of Americans.
Question 2:
2. Primary sources such as ships manifests that gave the reasons for migration, previous occupations, sponsorship in America, and how the immigrants paid for the voyage gives great insight into immigration. For example, the West Indian immigrant women could speak English and preferred to be citizens of another country. Other sources of information could come from work/industrial records, "Hull House" type of organizations, religious affiliation at varied house of worship, and housing records in tenement/apartment dwellings in the cities. Land purchase records could also reveal information about immigrants, particularly from the earlier wave of immigration from northern and western Europe.
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Question 1:
1. The reaper paved the road from a predominately agrarian U.S. economy to an urban - based economy. While a factory economic system had developed at an earlier time on the east coast, the development of mechanized farm tools and equipment resulted in increased farm goods production. Now, food goods and crops were not limited to local markets, but the increase in crop production meant that these agrarian goods could be shipped to markets across the U.S. This increase in turn required an adequate transportation system such as increased railroads and hubs for loading the farm products for shipment to markets across the U.S. This expanding transportation infrastructure also included turnpikes and canals that transported these goods to U.S. markets. Urbanization increased as these goods were shipped to towns and cities; processing and distributing these goods required an increased work force. Americans were no longer limited to the food harvested on their own local farms; now people across the U.S. had access to different types of foods from different regions of the U.S. The additional work required to ship, distribute, and process these goods required additional housing to be developed for these workers. The rift between the North and South that led to the Civil War was caused in part by the reliance on farm production in some regions of the U.S. and the reliance on the factory economy in the East and Northeast. White and African-American labor was required. As an example, the cotton gin and then later mechanized farm equipment made the profit from planting a strong factor.
Question 2:
2, The introduction of gas-powered engines in the late 19th century transformed how people moved from one place to another. Cars resulted in the movement of people from the cities to the early suburbs. Diesel fuel was at the early stage of development and led to its use in cars,trains, trucks, and buses. Factories used gas-powered engines for the production of goods. The early experimentation with electricity would eventually make urbanization complete.
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Question 1:
1. The reaper paved the road from a predominately agrarian U.S. economy to an urban - based economy. While a factory economic system had developed at an earlier time on the east coast, the development of mechanized farm tools and equipment resulted in increased farm goods production. Now, food goods and crops were not limited to local markets, but the increase in crop production meant that these agrarian goods could be shipped to markets across the U.S. This increase in turn required an adequate transportation system such as increased railroads and hubs for loading the farm products for shipment to markets across the U.S. This expanding transportation infrastructure also included turnpikes and canals that transported these goods to U.S. markets. Urbanization increased as these goods were shipped to towns and cities; processing and distributing these goods required an increased work force. Americans were no longer limited to the food harvested on their own local farms; now people across the U.S. had access to different types of foods from different regions of the U.S. The additional work required to ship, distribute, and process these goods required additional housing to be developed for these workers. The rift between the North and South that led to the Civil War was caused in part by the reliance on farm production in some regions of the U.S. and the reliance on the factory economy in the East and Northeast. White and African-American labor was required. As an example, the cotton gin and then later mechanized farm equipment made the profit from planting a strong factor. As the mechanical innovations, increased, the population increased which became a factor in increased urbanization.
Question 2:
2, The introduction of gas-powered engines in the late 19th century transformed how people moved from one place to another. Cars resulted in the movement of people from the cities to the early suburbs. Diesel fuel was at the early stage of development and led to its use in cars,trains, trucks, and buses. Factories used gas-powered engines for the production of goods. The early experimentation with electricity would eventually make urbanization complete.
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Title: Resistance to the Vietnam War- The Symbolic Burning of Draft Cards
Grade Level: High
Short Answer:
After reviewing American wars to compare and contrast resistance (for independence from England to Wars in the Middle East), the students would be asked how a individual resisted being drafted to serve in the Vietnam War other than participating in marches. What was the most visual symbol of this resistance?
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Title: Global Outsourcing- The Perspective of the Companies and Their Workers
Grade Level: High
Short Answer:
With so much outsourcing of jobs and related work processes, many American workers have lost their jobs because companies were able to maintain larger and consistent profits by sending the same jobs to workers in other countries. Companies said the profits enable them to continue to do business and expand, while former workers became unemployed and were not able to contribute as much as before to the American economy.
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Title: The Invisible Villain in World and American History
Grade Level: High
Short Answer:
Since our students take World History before U.S. History, they would be familiar with the Bubonic Plague that traveled from China to Europe. Then after their study of European exploration, they would review how indigenous populations were affected by smallpox; this scenario would be woven through the information about the Triangular Trade routes to North and South America to be able to understand how populations and trade were affected. The students would continue to study the timeline of the effect of smallpox during the American colonial period and Revolutionary War period. The students would learn about the advances made and how smallpox was globally eradicated.
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Title: The Invisible Villain in World and American History
Grade Level: High
Short Answer:
Since our students take World History before U.S. History, they would be familiar with the Bubonic Plague that traveled from China to Europe. Then after their study of European exploration, they would review how indigenous populations were affected by smallpox; this scenario would be woven through the information about the Triangular Trade routes to North and South America to be able to understand how populations and trade were affected. The students would continue to study the timeline of the effect of smallpox during the American colonial period and Revolutionary War period. The students would learn about the advances made and how smallpox was globally eradicated.
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Title: The Most Important Invention That Gave You Your Cell Phone and Laptop
Grade Level: Middle
Short Answer:
Middle School students are most interested in technology-oriented objects. I would first give my students an example of a "hot" piece of technology I received for Christmas when I was in middle school- a transistor radio. At that point, I would review what they had learned about Edison's development of the light bulb. I would move forward with a discussion about semiconductors, the development of main frame computers, and the circuit board. I would ask them to list all of the electronic devices in their homes. It is also important to talk about the marketing of these items. Who led the markets? What was the change in market distribution centers in the U.S.
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Title: Your Homework Snack, Prepared or Made From Scratch
Grade Level: Middle
Short Answer:
The students have learned that after the Civil War, food production advances such as canned milk developed by Borden were made. In addition, foods were transported by rail to different markets across the United States. The freeze-dried rations and other food supplies for American troops continued throughout the Korean, Vietnam War, and the wars in the Middle East. Overall, Americans rely heavily on prepared foods for their to feed their families. The students could take a gallery walk in their schools to determine the types of pre-made foods are located there such as the vending machines and the interview the cafeteria staff to find out what foods are instant, freeze-dried, canned, or powdered. An additional assignment would be to ask each student to take one prepared product at their homes and to write down the ingredients and vitamin listing. Then ask the students what they would do if they had to prepare their homework snack from scratch/from fresh products.
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Title: Your Homework Snack, Prepared or Made From Scratch
Grade Level: Middle
Short Answer:
The students have learned that after the Civil War, food production advances such as canned milk developed by Borden were made. In addition, foods were transported by rail to different markets across the United States. The freeze-dried rations and other food supplies for American troops continued throughout the Korean, Vietnam War, and the wars in the Middle East. Overall, Americans rely heavily on prepared foods for their to feed their families. The students could take a gallery walk in their schools to determine the types of pre-made foods are located there such as the vending machines and the interview the cafeteria staff to find out what foods are instant, freeze-dried, canned, or powdered. An additional assignment would be to ask each student to take one prepared product at their homes and to write down the ingredients and vitamin listing. Then ask the students what they would do if they had to prepare their homework snack from scratch/from fresh products.
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Title: From Musket Ball Warfare To Digitally Controlled Warfare
Grade Level: High
Short Answer:
In this class, I would use a timeline gallery walk of the development of armaments from the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Civil War, World War I, World War II, Korean War, and the wars in the Middle East. During each war, students would point out the development of armament technology such as the revolver, the automatic rifle,tanks, armaments on ships and planes, machine gun, hand grenades, and digitally controlled armaments. With this technology, hand to hand combat has become subordinate to electronically/digitally controlled armaments that allow combat to occur at a distance. The students would be asked to make a list of the types of armaments they have seen in the movies, television, or read about to compare and contrast the advancements.
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Title: Constructing Businesses And Homes In Your Community And City
Grade Level: Middle
Short Answer:
Marie Bittner- I would ask the students to create a report that they would share with the class. The students are required to take notes when they walk by or drive by with their parents/guardians to observe homes, schools, and commercial buildings. The students will note if they see nails in any of these structures. They will compare the use of nails in older and newer structures. They will describe other items that helped secure the structures. They will also determine if they think more nails were used in older structures or newer structures,
They will categorize the structures as wood, brick, stone, or metal. In addition, they will survey their own homes to determine if nails were were used to construct the home; if nails were used to build a fence, dog house, bird house, a storage container, or a garbage container.
The culminating activity would be to ask them to describe how homes were built in the colonial period, during the early 19th century, and before the Civil War since they are in a U.S. History class from 1865 to the present.
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Title: The Changing Stages Of Immigration: I Spoke German Before I spoke English.
Grade Level: Middle
Short Answer:
When my students studied about immigration in the U.S. History 1865 to the Present Course, I always tell that my ancestry is German on both sides of may family. The students look amazed when I tell them that I spoke German before English. I grew up in a central farming and ranching community in central Texas that was settle by German immigrants in the 1840's. I tell that when I entered the first grade, my classmates and I would translate German words into English words. I told them there were no ESL teachers. I make reference to the earlier wave of immigration before the 1890s. Then we discuss the immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe and the Asian immigration. We compare and contrast the discrimination of these two groups. We continue along the timeline to discuss the increase in Hispanic and Asian migration in the 1980s. We continue to discuss the push factors in Eastern Europe and the Middle East that have accounted for increased immigration from these areas. The students engage in a culminating activity to discuss the different cultures and nationalities that are now part of their school and community populations.
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Title: How Mid=19th Century Mechanical Innovations Influenced Our Society Today
Grade Level: High
Short Answer:
With these high school students, I would use a cause and effect instructional approach. Starting with the 1792 invention of the cotton gin, I would show them a classic graph about the relationship of the invention to increased cotton production and then an increase in the number of slaves needed to harvest the crop. Graphic organizers would be used for different stages of changes that resulted from these changes. For example, what was effect of reaper on farm production, number of farm workers needed to harvest a crop; what was the effect of the increased farm production on the transportation systems in the U.S? What was the effect of the reaper and other mechanized tools on what American ate, their health, and where they began to live? What was the effect of this increased farm production on the development of cities and businesses in the cities needed to distribute and process this increased production? Why with this increase farm production, did the population of the U.S change from a primarily agrarian one to an predominately an urban on. This leads the discussion from increased farm equipment and what resulted to the innovations in various forms of energy that contributed to this change from an agrarian society to an urban one.While there are farms located near to my students, I would begin a discussion about why we are still considered an urban community and an urban nation,
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