Analyzing Objects

Porcelain

Musket Ball

Smallpox

Nail

Reaper

Shirtwaist

Transistor

Coffee

Record

Tire

Dishwasher

Dress

Stereograph

Stone

Mail

Shoe

Question 1:
Historical thinking is the processes used to create an accurate description of the past using historical documents, objects, historical accounts of events and perspectives for a better understanding of the cause of past events in human history.
Question 2:
You can analyze objects, historical documents and historical accounts of events from the past to inquire into the why and how something or someone has influenced history through the making and use of things to influence the environment around them and how this influence spreads through a society in a certain time and place and in many cases still helps to shape our society to this day.
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Module Id: 689
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Question 1:
It is part of a very nice ornate tea or coffee set and could or could not have been used by someone in the upper class of society. It appears to be fine China and is nicely decorated in white, blue, and gold colors with some art work to make it unique.
Question 2:
The daily practice of having tea or coffee was brought to the Americas by people of different cultures from across the world. The drinking of tea or coffee from this cup could have been used for business meetings where businessmen and government leaders worked out the details of trade deals or defense agreements among nations.
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Question 1:
This is an old pair of shoes made of genuine leather probably worn by an American farmer or laborer. The soles of these shoes are thick and have been resoled many times when you observe the many layers of leather on the bottom and in the heel of the shoes.
Question 2:
These shoes are indicative of the working class of citizens who toiled many hours as craftsmen or in the fields of farm land and the factories of this nation making a better life for themselves and their families. The hard work of these many people helped to build a nation and lay the foundation for a great industrial power of the world.
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Question 1:
This stone is a marker of some sort with engraving on it to indicate to onlookers that it is a grave stone or historical marker. It has also been cut into a specific shape by stone cutting tools used by quarry workers or a sculptor.
Question 2:
Stones have been used for centuries in the building of large structures and in our country government buildings, court houses, museums, stadiums, dormitories, classroom buildings, churches, bridges, and other types of structures. The cutting of these stones helped the economies of various areas around the country and perhaps in another country and are part of industries that aided the construction industries of this and other countries abroad.
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Question 1:
This is a vinyl record of music produced by Victor Record and the recording artist is Nora Bayes. This record was produced in the early 20th century and was a part of the music and entertainment industry that could possibly have included vaudeville comedy. The Victor Record company would later be called RCA Victor and keep the iconic image of the dog listening to his master's voice.
Question 2:
The development of technology such as recorded music discs, moving pictures or movies as we call them today would lead to the development of new industries and entertainment for Americans and people around the world to enjoy. As the world become smaller via transportation developments and more and more inventions created time saving devices that would give people more free time, they began to look for different types of entertainment to fill the this void.
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Question 1:
This is a can that once contained powdered milk or canned coffee. Could possibly have been a combination of the two substances as well, but the writing is hard to read. It has the name of parent company Nescafe at the top of the can and a description of its contents.
Question 2:
The making and selling of canned goods and boxed goods such as cereal was an indicator of a changing American population in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from a rural population to a more urban population as people left the farms and countryside to go to work in the factories located in the larger cities across the country.
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Question 1:
These are old worn out automobile tires of different types along a few wheels, tubes and inner linings of the old tires stacked outside of a building.
Question 2:
With the advent of the automobile in American history the nation became more mobile and more accessible to more people as the automobile became less expensive or Americans wages went up and they could afford to buy one. As a result of the automobile the U.S. economy began to change and the automobile became a very important part of the nations economy. Also, manufacturing the automobiles created thousands of jobs and the introduction of the assembly line to mass produce them would revolution industries across the world and enable manufacturers the ability to more products in a shorter amount of at a cheaper rate per item and this led to cheaper prices and more products to the consumers. There would other types of jobs created from the automobile industry that help the economy grow like parts distributors, mechanics, automobile dealerships new and used, replacement parts, warehouses for parts, tire production facilities and many many more.
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Question 1:
The dress is solid white and is ankle length with a solid white jacket and blouse. The woman's hat is also white and she has a Women's Suffrage ribbon attached to left side of her jacket. This was the color used by women involved in the Women's Suffrage Movement in the early twentieth century.
Question 2:
The Women's Suffrage Movement was a decades long struggle by women of the United States to win the right to vote in local,state, and national elections which would finally become a reality with the passage of the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920. The passage of this amendment would lead to changes in the political landscape of the entire United States. Politicians from the local, state, and federal levels of government would have to pay attention to this massive new block of eligible voters in order to win election to office and stay in office once elected. The WWI period would be a big help to the Women's Suffrage Movement as many women went to work in the factories, businesses and running farms across the United States to pick up the slack for labor needs of the country as millions of men drafted into the U.S. military service in Europe to help the Allied Powers defeat the Axis Powers. The role in American history is very significant throughout our history dating back to the Revolutionary War. WWII is another major turning point in U.S. history where women played a tremendous role in helping the U.S. and its European allies defeat the mighty German and Japanese forces of WWII. Today the ERA amendment which was a product of another women's movement of the 1950's thru the early 1980's with a resurrection in the early 21st century. We are currently looking to the U.S. court system to rule on the time constraints and the constitutionality of adding the ERA amendment as the 28th amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
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Question 1:
Analyzing primary sources , documents ,objects, historical accounts of history to inquire into the original meaning or use of something to better describe and create a more accurate historical account of the past and its effects on people and society through history.
Question 2:
Drawing connections between objects and the reason/reasons for their creation and the person or people who helped to develop improvements to these objects and why they saw the need to improve them.
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Question 1:
Porcelain was a luxury good that was made in England and imported by the wealthy in the colonies and eventually became one of the luxury products the colonists boycotted with the non-importation agreements. Rather than pay the taxes the colonists decided to do without these luxury goods and this led to the development of more manufacturing in the colonies and less reliance on British goods. Furthermore, the various taxes such as the Sugar Act, Tea Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Taxes, Hat Act, and Iron Act also helped the colonist to become more resistant to British policies and caused the creation of competition between the colonies and England with the development of manufacturing in the colonies. It wasn't that the people in the colonies didn't how to make the products it was just easier to import them until the British drove to their breaking point.
Question 2:
To what level had an Americanization developed within the colonies creating a different culture in the colonies from that of the mother country. How many or what percentage of products were being developed and manufactured in the colonies that had previously come from England.
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Question 1:
The development of mass production during the war for the purpose of supplying armies with the necessities of war and maintaining the readiness and ability of the armies to continue to fight led to the development of an industrial economy in the United States. Furthermore, the growth of the federal government and the increased power of the federal government during the war drove the government to be more and more involved in the lives and activities of its citizens. The role of the federal government changed forever and can easily illustrated in this pair of boots worn by Union soldiers and even by some Confederate soldiers as the practice of taking supplies from dead soldiers developed as a result of a lack of supplies for Confederate soldiers.
Question 2:
The development of conscription or draft for the purpose of providing the armies with soldiers forced many men into a battle they did not want to fight. The draft also created a great divide between the rich and poor in the United States as illustrated by the draft riots in New York City during 1863. The industrialists of the period made millions and exempted themselves and their families from fighting in the war. Industry loves war and both the Union and Confederacy were guilty of fighting a rich man's war with a poor man's fight! We see this same type of thing happen again in American history with fighting of the Vietnam War.
You could use tax records, conscription lists, requisition orders of the two armies, income receipts of the United States government, Confederate government and companies supplying the goods for the war and research to see how many of their sons or fathers were drafted.
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Question 1:
The stone's initial markings were to designate an area created as our nation's capitol as part of a compromise between Alexander Hamilton of New York and Thomas Jefferson of Virginia to settle debt disputes from the Revolutionary War period already paid by some Southern states and those states in the North who were looking for help with this debt. Also, slave holders in the South were afraid of the Northern influence on the institution of slavery could eventually lead to slavery being abolished. The compromise was struck and Washington, D.C. was to become the new capitol and Southerners felt more at ease with the capitol being closer to the South. The slave trade and slavery would be a part of the history of the nations Capitol Building and the building of many other structures in and around the city. Controversy over the slave trade being so close to Capitol Building and slavery being practiced in D. C. became increasingly controversial being the states in the slave holding South and the free states of the North. The politics of the period would lend itself to ignore these facts to a great extent and lead ot more and more problems between free and slave states as the nation grew westward. With the addition of new territory in the west as a result of the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848 the tensions and controversies between free and slave territory would lead to violence in the western territories of Kansas and Nebraska. Furthermore, presidential leaders of the period steered clear of the issues surrounding slavery and the election of president Abraham Lincoln would lead to secession by Southern states and the long bloody Civil War 1861-1865. So, just like the retrocession of Alexandria to the state of Virginia because of the pressure of the powerful slave holders and traders in the South the lack of political action by the nations leaders in the 1850's and compromises created only prolonged the inevitable fight that split a nation for four bloody years of fighting, but split it for a much longer period of time.
Question 2:
Students could use maps and government documents like treaties to exam how this nation expanded from the Atlantic ocean to the Pacific ocean. Also, the study of wars and the acquisition of territories around the world to help nations fight wars across the globe and expand the effectiveness of their military's especially navies to advance influence, trade and control all over the world.
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Question 1:
Immigration and assimilation into American society for immigrants prior to 1880 who were from Northern and Western Europe was a little easier and less prejudiced than those immigrants who began to arrive after 1880-1930. One of the biggest reasons for this prejudice was the skin color of many immigrants such as the Italians, Hebrews, Japanese, Chinese and other people from Eastern and Southern Europe. The melting pot became more violent and less accepting to many of these people and they were targeted many times to work in certain industries. Slovaks, Italians, and Polish immigrants were targeted for the coal mines to feed the steel industry, women and young girls were wanted to work in the textile factories and Chinese and Irish immigrants worked on the building of the Transcon- tinental railroad. Blacks and many other groups could be and were segregated across the country into poorer neighborhoods with substandard and overcrowded living conditions and faced violence from different White Supremacy groups. Child labor and labor conditions were a major problem of the industrial period after the American Civil War and many other types of inequalities and problems plagued the cities and communities across the United States.
Question 2:
The examining of employee records by different companies in different industries and checking the names of workers to determine their nationality and ethnicity and the types of jobs they held. Reading immigration logs and records from Ellis Island and Angel Island could tell a lot about the people who entered the country through the gates of the immigrant processing centers. Also, studying the development of ethnic neighborhoods in the larger cities would tell a good deal about these people their culture and their struggles as they tried to make a better life for themselves and their families.
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Question 1:
Feeding an Army during WWII was a daunting task and the government leaned on the food companies to come up with ideas for the large scale production of rations for soldiers in the field that could used and eaten in the harshest conditions all over the world from bitter cold to scorching heat. Companies like Nescafe' and others were up to the task and came up with ways to freeze dry food and can foods as well as a chocolate bar that would withstand heat and not melt so easily become part of the field rations for soldiers and meet the caloric needs of the American soldier. Furthermore, after the war came to an abrupt end with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki these food companies were left with huge surpluses of food and were not willing to let go to waste and they began to market the products to American consumers, mainly women who did the shopping and cooking in American homes of this time period. The difficulties of prewar period eased somewhat by the studying of the consumer and developing advertising that help ease the social tensions associated with buying and preparing these powdered products rather than making them from scratch.
Question 2:
Advertisers had to develop ways to help the women in the American households overcome the stigma of being lazy, lonely and single, or simply not knowing how to cook meals from scratch using recipes handed down for generations or developing one's own recipe. Trying to do this proved to be a daunting task and they studied the foods such as cake mixes using powered eggs to bake a cake versus adding a fresh egg to the cake mix. With their own they concluded that the cake made with the fresh egg was better than the one made with powered eggs and some began to market their products in this manor to help women overcome the pressures in society about their abilities to run a household. Also, as society changed and more and more women entered the workplace during and after WWII the ease and simplicity as well as time saved with preparation of meals made these products more sensible.
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Question 1:
Rubber was a scarce resource during WWII and recycling of old tires and driving on one's tires as long as they could was seen as a patriotic act during the war years. The United States government rationed many different products during the war help the U.S. provide resources to their soldiers and allies in European and the Pacific theaters of war. Government propaganda was used to remind the citizens of the nation to be a part of the war effort and to make the necessary sacrifices at home to help defeat the enemies overseas. More than 73 million Americans, men and women would work in the factories and other jobs to produce the goods for the war and at the same time they were being to conserve a lot different products such as sugar, pork, rubber products, wheat and were asked to grow victory gardens to help the government feed the soldiers and conserve precious food resources. Factories were retooled to produce wartime products and citizens from all over the United States would work in these to produce the trucks,tanks,guns,ammunition,planes ships,submarines,artillery shells,bombs and replacement parts to repair the machines needed to fight the war.
Question 2:
What are some of the possible uses for these old tires?
Can these tires be recycled and made into different products? If so, what kinds of products?
How did this many tires get to be in this one place?
Did the U.S. government use propaganda to get the people to participate in recycling campaigns for rubber and other scarce products?
How did the U.S. government retool the American economy from a peacetime to wartime economy?

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Question 1:
It represents the many changes in society that women wanted to make for the greater good of women in the United States and Europe. The right to vote, women's health, hygiene, education, control over their own bodies, fashion, changing the traditional role of women in society in the workplace and freeing them from slave like conditions of their traditional roles. Birth control and mortality rate of infants in the United States was another issue where women wanted more freedom and protections from harm to themselves and the children they were bearing. Race also played a role in the women's movement as Black women to wanted to be counted and recognized as equals in society along white women. Breaking these barriers was a long and difficult struggle that included many different deliberate tactics from peaceful protests to civil disobedience and getting arrested on purpose to hunger strikes that has lasted for than a century and continues to this very day with the struggle for passage of the ERA amendment.
Question 2:
There are so many things resource wise, pictures, documents, audio recordings, film footage, video, book excerpts, speeches, that we could use to educate our students about this part of American history that gets very little attention in the history books and the SOL's of Virginia.
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Title: Interpretations of Historical Documents
Grade Level: High
Short Answer:
Use historical documents and memoir excerpts from past presidents and their administrations to analyze why they made particular decisions in times of national crisis.
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Title: Politics, Trade and Government
Grade Level: High
Short Answer:
Use primary and secondary sources from the Revolutionary period on the importation of goods from England to the colonies and the exportation of raw materials from the colonies to England for the making of goods and materials to be sold back to the colonists for British profit at the expense and exploitation of people in the American colonies. Discuss the effects of taxation on the products from England and how this could drive people to begin to manufacture their own goods and how this developed into the creation of an American economy.
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Title: Shoes, Government growth and Conflict
Grade Level: High
Short Answer:
Use primary and secondary sources to engage them in research to determine the effects of the Civil War and the needs of soldiers led to drastic changes in how government operates and how in times of crisis the federal government gains more power and why people see this as a necessity for the saving of the nation and their protection.
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Title: Stones, Bones, and Politics
Grade Level: High
Short Answer:
Discuss with students the influence that economics and trade have on a variety of things in our society from the founding of the nation to the modern day. Resources used would be primary and secondary documents of leaders in governments and businesses to examine how treaties were and are made and their impact of people across the world in relation to working and living conditions to the outbreak of trade and military wars.
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Title: Injustice and Prejudice in America
Grade Level: High
Short Answer:
Going beyond what is in a textbook is always a better way to tell the truth and examine the inequalities and mistreatment of people in the United States throughout its history. There are numerous examples and resources available that can be utilized to examine these facts and allow students to learn more about the struggles of people and their attempts to fix the problems of discrimination and prejudice that has been a major part of American history.
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Title: Hot Cup of Joe
Grade Level: High
Short Answer:
Activity: How important was a hot cup of coffee to an American soldier during the wars fought during this nations history from the Revolutionary War to the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq? Explain how modern technology from the 1930's to today has revolutionized how we prepare or fix and drink our coffee. (Think about the different methods of making a cup of coffee)
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Title: Recycling and WWII
Grade Level: High
Short Answer:
You could give students different pictures of products that were rationed during the war and asked them create a propaganda poster or two for one of the products. Along the same lines you could ask them if the government was overstepping its bounds of power by creating a rationing system of these products and have them explain why or why not.
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Title: The Vote to Victory
Grade Level: High
Short Answer:
Discussion topic of The Vote to Victory and why women saw the right to vote as being a necessary tool to help them change society for the betterment of freedom and the betterment of women as significant individuals with much to offer society and overcome the chains of archaic societal norms of the role of women.
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